What is the primary effect of soil compaction on turfgrass?

Soil compaction primarily leads to reduced grass growth due to several key factors that negatively affect the turfgrass ecosystem. Compacted soil creates a dense layer that limits the movement of air, water, and nutrients in the soil. This restricts root penetration and reduces the volume of soil that roots can access, leading to a less developed root system. As a result, turfgrass becomes more susceptible to stress, struggles to absorb essential nutrients and water, and may exhibit stunted growth or poor overall vigor.

Additionally, compacted soil can increase the likelihood of water runoff rather than absorption, further depriving the grass roots of moisture, which is critical for healthy growth. Insufficient oxygen in the soil due to compaction can also hinder root respiration, resulting in weak and unhealthy grass. Over time, these conditions can lead to an increase in bare spots and weed invasion, further compromising the health of the turfgrass.

While other choices suggest positive effects such as enhanced growth or improved drought resistance, these are not typically associated with soil compaction. The negative consequences on root health and nutrient absorption are why reduced grass growth is the most accurate and relevant effect in this context.